Daalụ maka ileta Nature.com. Ụdị ihe nchọgharị ị na-eji nwere nkwado dị nta maka CSS. Maka ahụmịhe kachasị mma, anyị na-akwado ka ị jiri ihe nchọgharị emelitere (ma ọ bụ gbanyụọ ọnọdụ ndakọrịta na Internet Explorer) ka ọ dị ugbu a, iji hụ na nkwado na-aga n'ihu, anyị ga-egosipụta saịtị na-enweghị ụdị na Javascript.
Omenala arịa ụrọ na-egosipụta usoro mmekọrịta akụ na ụba nke omenala ndị gara aga, ebe nkesa mbara igwe na-egosipụta usoro nzikọrịta ozi na usoro mmekọrịta. A na-eji ihe na geosciences arụ ọrụ ebe a iji chọpụta isi mmalite, nhọrọ na nhazi nke akụrụngwa. Alaeze nke Congo, mba ụwa. ama ama kemgbe njedebe nke narị afọ nke iri na ise, bụ otu n'ime ndị kasị ama ex-colonial na-ekwu na Central Africa. Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ akụkọ ihe mere eme nnyocha na-adabere na African na European ọnụ na e dere akụkọ ihe mere eme, a ka nwere nnukwu oghere na nghọta anyị ugbu a banyere nke a ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị unit. .N'ebe a, anyị na-enye nghọta ọhụrụ banyere mmepụta na mgbasa ozi nke ite na Alaeze nke Kongo.Na-eme ọtụtụ ụzọ nyocha na ihe atụ ndị a họọrọ, ya bụ XRD, TGA, petrographic analysis, XRF, VP-SEM-EDS na ICP-MS, anyị kpebisiri ike. ha petrographic, mineralogical na geochemical character.Our results na-enye anyị ohere ijikọta ihe ochie na ihe ndị sitere n'okike ma guzobe omenala seramiiki. Anyị achọpụtala ihe ndebiri mmepụta, mgbanwe mgbanwe, nkesa na usoro mmekọrịta nke ngwaahịa dị mma site na mgbasa ozi nkà na ụzụ. Nchọpụta anyị na-egosi na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Centralization na mpaghara Lower Congo nke Central Africa na-enwe mmetụta kpọmkwem na mmepụta na mgbasa ozi arịa. Anyị na-atụ anya na ọmụmụ ihe anyị ga-enye ezigbo ihe ndabere maka ọmụmụ ihe ndị ọzọ na-atụnyere iji kọwaa mpaghara a.
Ịmepụta na iji ihe eji emepụta ihe bụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ọtụtụ omenala, na mmekọrịta ọha na eze na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị enwewo mmetụta dị ukwuu na nhazi nke mmepụta na usoro nke ime ihe ndị a1,2. N'ime usoro a, nchọpụta seramiiki nwere ike ime ka anyị dịkwuo mma. nghọta nke ọha mmadụ gara aga3,4. Site n'inyocha ceramics archaeological, anyị nwere ike jikọta ihe onwunwe ha na omenala seramiiki kpọmkwem na usoro mmepụta ihe ndị na-esote1,4,5. Dị ka Matson6 si kwuo, dabere na ihe ndị dị ndụ nke seramiiki, nhọrọ nke akụrụngwa metụtara. Ozokwa, n'iburu n'uche ihe omumu ihe omumu nke ethnographic di iche iche, Whitbread2 na-ezo aka na 84% nke puru omume mmepe ihe onwunwe n'ime radius 7km nke sitere na seramiiki, ma e jiri ya tụnyere 80% nke puru omume n'ime radius 3km na Africa7. Otú ọ dị. , Ọ dị mkpa ka ị ghara ileghara ịdabere na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na nkà na ụzụ2,3. Enwere ike nyochaa nhọrọ nkà na ụzụ site n'inyocha mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ihe, usoro na ihe ọmụma nkà na ụzụ3,8,9. Ụdị nhọrọ dị otú ahụ nwere ike ịkọwa otu omenala seramiiki. .N'oge a, ntinye nke nkà mmụta ihe ochie n'ime nchọpụta enyela aka n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na nghọta ka mma nke ọha mmadụ gara aga3,10,11,12.Nji nke usoro nyocha nke ọtụtụ ihe nwere ike ịza ajụjụ gbasara ọkwa niile metụtara ọrụ agbụ, dị ka ihe ndị sitere n'okike. mmepe na nhọrọ akụrụngwa, ịzụ ahịa na nhazi3,10,11,12.
Ọmụmụ ihe ahụ na-elekwasị anya na Alaeze nke Congo, otu n'ime ọchịchị ndị kacha emetụta na Central Africa. Tupu ọbịbịa nke oge a, Central Africa nwere mosaic dị mgbagwoju anya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke e ji mara nnukwu omenala na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị iche iche, nke nwere usoro dị iche iche. site na obere ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nke kewara ekewa ruo na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị gbagwojuru anya na nke ukwuu13,14,15. N'ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị a, a na-eche na e hiwere ala-eze Kongo na narị afọ nke 14 site na nkwekọ atọ jikọtara ọnụ 16, 17. N'ime ya. N'oge oyi, ọ kpuchiri mpaghara dịka mpaghara dị n'etiti Atlantic Ocean n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) ugbu a na Osimiri Cuango dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, yana mpaghara ugwu Angola taa. Latitude nke Luanda.Ọ na-ekere òkè dị ukwuu na mpaghara sara mbara n'oge ụbọchị ya dị elu wee nweta ọganihu dị ukwuu na mgbagwoju anya na nhazi ruo mgbe 14th, 18th, 19th, 20th, 21st nke narị afọ nke iri na asatọ. Social stratification, a nkịtị ego, taxation systems. , nkesa ọrụ kpọmkwem, na ahia ohu18, 19 na-egosipụta ihe nlereanya Earle nke akụ na ụba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị22. Site na ntọala ya ruo na njedebe nke narị afọ nke 17, Alaeze Congo gbasaa nke ukwuu, na site na 1483 gaa n'ihu guzobe njikọ siri ike na Europe, na nke a ụzọ sonyere na ahia Atlantic 18, 19, 20, 23, 24, 25 (nkọwa nke ọma Hụ Mmekwụnye 1) maka ozi akụkọ ihe mere eme.
A na-etinye usoro ihe eji eme ihe na geosciences na ihe ndị dị na seramiiki sitere na ebe ihe ochie atọ dị na Alaeze nke Congo, bụ ebe a na-eme nchọpụta n'ime afọ iri gara aga, ya bụ Mbanza Kongo na Angola na Kindoki na Ngongo Mbata na Democratic Republic of Congo (Fig). 1) (lee okpokoro mgbakwunye 1).2 na data ihe ochie) Mbanza Congo, nke e debanyere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya na UNESCO World Heritage List, dị na mpaghara Mpemba nke ọchịchị oge ochie. N'ịbụ nke dị n'ebe etiti dị n'etiti etiti dị n'etiti etiti okporo ụzọ azụmahịa kacha mkpa, ọ bụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Isi obodo nhazi nke ala eze na oche oche eze.Kindoki na Ngongo Mbata dị na mpaghara Nsundi na Mbata, nke nwere ike ịbụ akụkụ nke alaeze asaa nke Kongo dia Nlaza tupu e guzobe ala-eze - otu n'ime polities jikọtara ọnụ28,29. Ha abụọ rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke alaeze ahụ17. Ebe ihe ochie nke Kindoki na Ngongo Mbata dị na Ndagwurugwu Inkisi dị n'ebe ugwu nke alaeze ahụ ma bụrụ otu n'ime ebe mbụ ndị ọchịchị meriri. Kingdom's found fathers.Mbanza Nsundi, isi obodo nke nwere mkpọmkpọ ebe Jindoki, bụ omenala na-achị site n'aka ndị na-anọchi anya ndị eze Kongo mechara 17, 18, 30. Mbata Province dị na 31 n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke osimiri Inkisi. Ndị ọchịchị Mbata ( na ruo n'ókè Soyo) nwere ohere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ịbụ nanị ndị a họpụtara site na ndị isi obodo site n'usoro, ọ bụghị ógbè ndị ọzọ ebe ndị ọchịchị na-ahọpụta ndị ọchịchị site na ezinụlọ eze, nke pụtara ukwuu nke liquidity 18,26. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị ógbè. isi obodo Mbata, Ngongo Mbata rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa ma ọ dịkarịa ala na narị afọ nke 17. N'ihi ọnọdụ ya dị mkpa na netwọk azụmahịa, Ngongo Mbata enyela aka na mmepe nke mpaghara ahụ dị ka ahịa azụmahịa dị mkpa16,17,18,26,31 ,32.
Ala-eze nke Congo na mpaghara isi isii ya (Mpemba, Nsondi, Mbata, Soyo, Mbamba, Mpangu) na narị afọ nke iri na isii na nke iri na asaa. Ebe atọ a tụlere n'ọmụmụ ihe a (Mbanza Kongo, Kindoki na Ngongo Mbata) ka egosiri na map.
Ruo afọ iri gara aga, ihe ọmụma nkà mmụta ihe ochie banyere Alaeze nke Kongo dị ntakịrị33. Ọtụtụ nghọta n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke alaeze na-adabere na omenala ọnụ obodo na akwụkwọ edemede sitere na Africa na Europe16,17. Usoro usoro oge na mpaghara Congo na-ekewa ma ezughị ezu n'ihi ya. na enweghi usoro ihe omumu ihe omumu nke ihe omumu34. Ngwuputa ihe ochie kemgbe 2011 bu n'obi imeju oghere ndi a ma kpughee ihe owuwu, ihe omuma na ihe ndi ozo di nkpa. N'ime nchọpụta ndị a, ihe ịrụ ụka adịghị ya na potshards bụ ihe kachasị mkpa29,30,31,32,35,36. gbasara oge Iron Age na Central Africa, ọrụ ihe ochie dị ka nke ugbu a dị ụkọ37,38.
Anyị na-enye nsonaazụ nke mineralogy, geochemical na petrological analysis of set of pottery iberibe si atọ e gwupụtara n'ala nke Alaeze nke Congo (lee ihe ochie data na mgbakwunye ihe 2) samples bụ nke anọ ụdị ite (Fig 2). otu sitere na Jindoji Formation na atọ sitere na King Kong Formation 30, 31, 35. Otu Kindoki malitere n'oge Alaeze mbụ (14th ruo etiti narị afọ nke 15) .N'ime saịtị ndị a tụlere n'ọmụmụ ihe a, Kindoki (n = 31) ) bụ naanị saịtị nke gosipụtara Kindoki grouping30,35. Ụdị atọ nke Kongo Groups - Ụdị A, Ụdị C, na Ụdị D - malite na njedebe nke alaeze (narị afọ 16-18) ma dị n'otu oge na saịtị ihe ochie atọ a tụlere ebe a30. , 31, 35.Kongo Ụdị C bụ ite esi nri nke dị ukwuu n'ebe atọ ahụ35. A pụrụ iji ụdị pan Kongo A dị ka ihe oriri, nke na-anọchi anya naanị iberibe 30, 31, 35. Kongo D-ụdị. A ga-eji ceramics naanị maka ihe eji eme ụlọ - ebe ọ bụ na a hụbeghị ya na olili ozu ruo taa - na-ejikọta ya na otu ndị ọkachamara ọkachamara 30,31,35. Iberibe ha na-apụtakwa na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta. Ụdị A na D ite. gosiri nkesa mbara ala yiri nke ahụ na saịtị Kindoki na Ngongo Mbata 30,31. Na Ngongo Mbata, ka ọ dị ugbu a, e nwere 37,013 Kongo Type C iberi, nke nwere naanị 193 Kongo Ụdị A na 168 Kongo Ụdị D31.
Ihe atụ nke ụdị anọ nke ite ite mba Kongo a tụlere n'ọmụmụ ihe a (Kindoki Group na Kongo Group: Ụdị A, C, na D);ihe nlere anya nke ọdịdị oge ha na saịtị ihe ochie ọ bụla Mbanza Kongo, Kindoki na Ngongo Mbata.
X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Petrographic Analysis, mgbanwe nrụgide na-enyocha Electron microscope na Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (VP-SEM-EDS), X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF) na Inductively jikọrọ ọnụ Plasma. Mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) ejiriwo na-aza ajụjụ gbasara isi mmalite nke akụrụngwa na usoro mmepụta ihe. Ebumnuche anyị bụ ịchọpụta omenala seramiiki ma jikọta ha na ụfọdụ ụdị mmepụta, si otú a na-enye echiche ọhụrụ banyere usoro mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. nke otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị a ma ama na Central Africa.
Ihe gbasara Alaeze nke Congo bụ ihe ịma aka karịsịa maka nchọpụta isi mmalite n'ihi ọdịiche dị iche iche na nkọwapụta nke ihe ngosi geological mpaghara (Fig 3) . Mpaghara mpaghara nwere ike ịhụta site na ọnụnọ nke ntakịrị na-adịghị edozi ọdịdị ala na usoro metamorphic a maara dị ka the Western Congo Supergroup.N'ụzọ dị n'okpuru ala, usoro ahụ na-amalite site na nhazi nke quartzite-claystone na-agbanwe agbanwe na Sansikwa Formation, na-esote Haut Shiloango Formation, nke e ji ọnụnọ stromatolite carbonates mara, na na Democratic Republic of Congo. Achọpụtara silica Diatomaceous cell cell n'akụkụ ala na n'elu otu ahụ. Neoproterozoic Schisto-Calcaire Group bụ carbonate-argillite assemblage na ụfọdụ Cu-Pb-Zn mineralization. Nke a geological nhazi na-egosipụta usoro pụrụ iche site na nchọpụta adịghị ike nke ụrọ magnesia. ntakịrị mgbanwe nke talc na-emepụta dolomite. Nke a na-ebute ọnụnọ nke ma calcium na talc mineral Source. The unit kpuchie site Precambrian Schisto-Greseux Group mejupụtara nke aja-argillaceous red bed.
Geological map nke ebe ọmụmụ. A na-egosi ebe ihe ochie atọ na map (Mbanza Congo, Jindoki na Ngongombata) .Gburugburu gburugburu saịtị ahụ na-anọchi anya radius nke 7 km, nke kwekọrọ na isi iyi ntinye ihe gbasara 84% 2. Map ahụ. na-ezo aka na Democratic Republic of the Congo na Angola, na ókè-ala na-akara.Geological map ( shapefiles na Supplement 11) ka e kere na ArcGIS Pro 2.9.1 software (webụsaịtị: https://www.arcgis.com/), na-atụgharị aka. Angolan41 na Congo 42,65 Geological map (faịlụ raster), na-eji Mee ụkpụrụ nhazi dị iche iche.
N'elu sedimentary discontinuity, Cretaceous nkeji mejupụtara continental sedimentary nkume dị ka sandstone na claystone.N'akụkụ, nke a geological guzobe a maara dị ka a nke abụọ depositional isi iyi nke diamonds mgbe ozize site Early Cretaceous kimberlite tubes41,42.Ọ dịghị ọzọ igneous na elu-ọkwa metamorphic. A kọwo nkume na mpaghara a.
Mpaghara gburugburu Mbanza Kongo bụ ihe e ji mara ọnụnọ clastic na kemịkalụ dị na Precambrian strata, ọkachasị limestone na dolomite sitere na Schisto-Calcaire Formation and slate, quartzite na ashwag sitere na Haut Shiloango Formation. bụ Holocene alluvial sedimentary rock and limestone, slate na chert kpuchie na feldspar quartzite nke Precambrian Schisto-Greseux Group.Ngongo Mbata dị na warara Schisto-Greseux rock belt n'etiti ndị okenye Schisto-Calcaire Group na Cretaceous red sandstone42 dị nso. Na mgbakwunye, a kọwapụtala isi iyi Kimberlite nke a na-akpọ Kimpangu n'okirikiri Ngongo Mbata dị nso na craton na mpaghara Lower Congo.
A na-egosi nsonaazụ nke ọkara nke isi ihe ịnweta nke XRD na-enweta na Tebụl 1, a na-egosipụtakwa ụkpụrụ XRD nke nnọchiteanya na Figure 4.Quartz (SiO2) bụ isi ihe ịnweta mineral, na-ejikọta ya na potassium feldspar (KAlSi3O8) na mica mgbe niile. .[Dịka ọmụmaatụ, KAl2 (Si3Al) O12 (OH) 2], na / ma ọ bụ talc [Mg3Si4O10 (OH) 2].The plagioclase minerals [XAl (1-2) Si (3-2) O8, X = Na ma ọ bụ Ca] (ya bụ sodium na/ma ọ bụ anorthite) na amphibole [(X)(0-3)[(Z)(5-7)(Si, Al)8O22(O,OH,F)2, X = Ca2+, Na+ , K+, Z = Mg2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Al, Ti] bụ ihe jikọrọ kristal n'usoro, Ọtụtụ mgbe e nwere mica.Amphibole na-emekarị na-anọghị na talc.
Usoro XRD nke nnọchi anya nke Kongo Kingdom pottery, dabere na usoro kristal bụ isi, dabara na ụdị otu dị iche iche: (i) akụrụngwa bara ụba nke talc zutere na ụdị Kindoki Group na ụdị Kongo C, (ii) talc bara ụba zutere na nlele Quartz nwere ihe mejupụtara ya. Kindoki Group na Kongo Ụdị C sample, (iii) feldspar-rich components na Kongo Ụdị A na Kongo D sample, (iv) mica-rich components na Kongo Ụdị A na Kongo D sample, (v) Amphibole ọgaranya components zutere na nlele. si Kongo Ụdị A na Kongo Ụdị DQ quartz, Pl plagioclase, ma ọ bụ potassium feldspar, Am amphibole, Mca mica, Tlc talc, Vrm vermiculite.
Ihe ngosi XRD na-enweghị atụ nke talc Mg3Si4O10 (OH) 2 na pyrophyllite Al2Si4O10 (OH) 2 chọrọ usoro nkwado iji chọpụta ọnụnọ ha, enweghị ma ọ bụ enwere ike ịdị n'otu. E mere TGA na ihe atụ atọ nnọchiteanya (MBK_S.14, KDK_S_13 na DDK). 20) .Ụdị TG (Mgbakwunye 3) na-adabere na ọnụnọ nke talc ịnweta oge na enweghị pyrophyllite. The dehydroxylation na structural decomposition hụrụ n'etiti 850 na 1000 Celsius C kwekọrọ na tac. Ọ dịghị oke ọnwụ hụrụ n'etiti 650 na 850 Celsius C, na-egosi enweghị pyrophyllite44.
Dị ka obere oge, vermiculite [(Mg, Fe + 2, Fe + 3) 3 [(Al, Si) 4O10] (OH) 2 4H2O], kpebisiri ike site na nyocha nke mkpokọta agbadoro anya nke ihe atụ ndị nnọchi anya, ọnụ ọgụgụ kacha elu dị na 16-7 Å, bụ nke achọpụtara na Kindoki Group na Kongo Group Ụdị A.
Ụdị ụdị ụdị Kindoki enwetara site na mpaghara sara mbara gburugburu Kindoki gosipụtara ihe mejupụtara mineral nke e ji ọnụnọ talc mara, ụbara quartz na mica, yana ọnụnọ potassium feldspar.
Ihe mejupụtara mineral nke ụdị Kongo A na-egosipụta ọnụnọ nke ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke quartz-mica abụọ n'ụzọ dịgasị iche iche na ọnụnọ potassium feldspar, plagioclase, amphibole, na mica. Ọtụtụ amphibole na feldspar na-egosi ụdị otu a. karịsịa na ụdị Kongo-ụdị A na Jindoki na Ngongombata.
Ụdị Kongo Ụdị C na-egosipụta ụdị ịnweta mineral dị iche iche n'ime ụdị ụdị ahụ, bụ nke na-adabere na saịtị ihe ochie. Ihe nlele sitere na Ngongo Mbata nwere ọgaranya na quartz ma gosipụta nhazi na-agbanwe agbanwe. sitere na Mbanza Kongo na Kindoki, mana n'ọnọdụ ndị a, ụfọdụ sample bara ụba na talc na mica.
Ụdị Kongo D nwere ihe mejupụtara mineral pụrụ iche na saịtị atọ mgbe ochie. Feldspar, karịsịa plagioclase, dị ukwuu n'ụdị ite a.Amphibole na-adịkarị n'ọtụtụ. Nnọchite anya quartz na mica. Ọnụ ego ndị ikwu na-adịgasị iche n'etiti samples. Achọpụtara Talc na amphibole. -Iberibe ọgaranya nke ụdị otu Mbanza Kongo.
Ihe ndị bụ isi na-ekpo ọkụ nke a chọpụtara site na nyocha nke petrographic bụ quartz, feldspar, mica na amphibole. Rock inclusions mejupụtara iberibe nke etiti na elu-ọkwa metamorphic, igneous na sedimentary nkume. Fabric data enwetara site na iji Orton45's ntụaka chaatị na-egosi ọkwa steeti site na ndị ogbenye. ka ọ dị mma, na oke nke matriks steeti site na 5% ruo 50% Mkpụrụ ọka na-ekpo ọkụ na-esi na gburugburu ruo n'akụkụ na-enweghị ntụgharị mmasị.
A na-amata otu lithofacies ise (PGa, PGb, PGc, PGd, na PGe) dabere na mgbanwe nhazi na nke minera. Fig 5a);Otu PGb: ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke matrix na-ekpo ọkụ (20% -30%), matrix na-ewe iwe ọkụ Ụdị ọkụ adịghị mma, mkpụrụ osisi na-ekpo ọkụ bụ akụkụ, na nkume metamorphic nke etiti na nke dị elu nwere nnukwu ọdịnaya nke silicate layered, mica na nnukwu. ntinye nkume (Fig 5b);Otu PGc: akụkụ dị oke elu nke matriks na-ewe iwe ọkụ (20 -40%), dị mma na nhazi oke iwe, obere obere obere mkpụrụ osisi na-ekpo ọkụ, nnukwu mkpụrụ quartz, oghere planar mgbe ụfọdụ (c na Fig. 5);Otu PGd: ogo dị ala (5-20 ​%), nwere obere mkpụrụ osisi na-ewe iwe ọkụ, nnukwu okwute gụnyere, nhazi adịghị mma, na ederede matrix dị mma (d na Fig. 5);na PGe otu: ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke matrix na-ekpo ọkụ (40-50%), dị mma na-edozi oke iwe ọkụ, nha abụọ nke mkpụrụ osisi na-ekpo ọkụ na ihe ndị dị iche iche ịnweta dị iche iche n'ihe gbasara iwe ọkụ (Fig 5, e) .Fig 5 na-egosi onye nnọchiteanya anya anya. micrograph of the petrographic group. Nnyocha anya nke ihe nlele ahụ mere ka mmekọrịta siri ike n'etiti nhazi ụdị na nhazi petrographic, karịsịa na ihe atụ sitere na Kindoki na Ngongo Mbata (lee Mgbakwunye 4 maka foto micrographs nnọchiteanya nke ihe nlele niile).
Ihe nnochite anya anya micrographs nke mpekere ite ụrọ nke Kongo Kingdom;akwụkwọ ozi n'etiti petrographic na typological otu.(a) PGA otu, (b) PGB otu, (c) PGc otu, (d) PGd otu na (e) PGe otu.
Ihe atụ nke Kindoki Formation na-agụnye usoro nkume ndị a na-akọwa nke ọma na-ejikọta ya na nhazi PGA. Ụdị Kongo A na-ejikọta ya na PGb lithofacies, ma e wezụga maka ụdị Kongo A-ụdị NBC_S.4 Kongo-A si Ngongo Mbata, bụ metụtara ndị Pge n'usoro. Ọtụtụ n'ime ụdị Kongo C-n'ụdị si Kindoki na Ngongo Mbata, na Kongo C-ụdị sample MBK_S.21 na MBK_S.23 si Mbanza Kongo so na PGc otu. Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ Kongo Ụdị C. samples-egosi atụmatụ nke ndị ọzọ lithofacies.Kongo C-ụdị samples MBK_S.17 na NBC_S.13 ugbu udidi àgwà metụtara Pge iche iche.Kongo C-ụdị samples MBK_S.3, MBK_S.12 na MBK_S.14 na-etolite otu lithofacies otu PGd, mgbe Kongo C-ụdị samples KDK_S.19, KDK_S.20 na KDK_S.25 nwere yiri Njirimara na PGb group.Kongo Ụdị C sample MBK_S.14 nwere ike na-ewere ihe outlier ruru ya porous clast texture.Fọrọ nke nta niile samples nke na A na-ejikọta ụdị Kongo D na ụdị Pge lithofacies, ma e wezụga maka ụdị Kongo D-ụdị MBK_S.7 na MBK_S.15 sitere na Mbanza Kongo, nke na-egosipụta nnukwu mkpụrụ osisi na-ekpo ọkụ na njupụta dị ala (30%), nso na otu PGc.
VP-SEM-EDS tụlere ihe atụ sitere na saịtị ihe ochie atọ iji gosipụta nkesa elementrị na iji chọpụta ihe mejupụtara nke mbụ nke mkpụrụ ọka nke onye ọ bụla. rutile), titanium ígwè oxides (ilmenite), zirconium silicates (zircon) na perovskite neosilicates (garnet) .Silica, aluminum, potassium, calcium, sodium, titanium, ígwè na magnesium bụ ihe kasị nkịtị chemical ọcha na matrix.The anọgide elu. ọdịnaya magnesium na Kindoki Formation na Kongo A-ụdị basins nwere ike ịkọwa site na ọnụnọ nke talc ma ọ bụ ụrọ ụrọ magnesium. Dị ka nyocha nke elemental si kwuo, ọka feldspar na-adabere na potassium feldspar, albite, oligoclase, na mgbe ụfọdụ labradorite na anorthite (Mgbakwunye). 5, Fig. S8-S10), ebe ọka amphibole bụ tremolite Nkume, actinite, n'ihe banyere Kongo Ụdị A sample NBC_S.3, nkume akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-acha uhie uhie. A na-ahụ ọdịiche doro anya na nhazi nke amphibole (Fig.6) na Kongo A-ụdị (tremolite) na Kongo D-ụdị ceramics (actinite) . Ọzọkwa, na saịtị ihe ochie atọ, mkpụrụ osisi ilmenite nwere njikọ chiri anya na ụdị ụdị D. A na-achọta ọdịnaya manganese dị elu na ọka ilmenite. Otú ọ dị. , nke a agbanweghị usoro ngbanwe nke ígwè-titanium (Fe-Ti) ha na-ejikarị (lee Mgbakwunye 5, Fig. S11).
VP-SEM-EDS data.Ihe osise ternary nke na-egosi ụdị dị iche iche nke amphibole dị n'etiti Kongo Ụdị A na Kongo D na ihe atụ ndị a họọrọ site na Mbanza Kongo (MBK), Kindoki (KDK), na Ngongo Mbata (NBC);akara ndị etinyere n'ụdị otu.
Dabere na nsonaazụ XRD, quartz na potassium feldspar bụ isi mineral na ụdị Kongo ụdị C, ebe ọnụnọ quartz, potassium feldspar, albite, anorthite na tremolite bụ njirimara nke ụdị Kongo A sample Kongo D-ụdị sample na-egosi na quartz. , potassium feldspar, albite, oligofeldspar, ilmenite na actinite bụ isi mineral components.Kongo ụdị A sample NBC_S.3 nwere ike na-ewere ihe outlier n'ihi na plagioclase ya bụ labradorite, amphibole bụ orthopamphibole, na ọnụnọ nke ilmenite na-dekọ.Kongo C- ụdị sample NBC_S.14 nwekwara ilmenite ọka (Mgbakwunye 5, Figures S12-S15).
A na-eme nyocha XRF na ihe nnochite anya sitere na saịtị ihe ochie atọ iji chọpụta isi ihe dị iche iche. Edepụtara ihe mejupụtara ihe ndị bụ isi na Tebụl 2. E gosipụtara ihe atụ ndị a nyochara bara ụba na silica na alumina, yana calcium oxide n'okpuru 6% elu. A na-ekwu na ịta magnesium dị na ọnụnọ talc, nke na-ejikọta ya na oxides nke silicon na aluminum oxide. Ihe dị elu sodium oxide na calcium oxide na-adabere na ụbara plagioclase.
Kindoki Group samples enwetara site na saịtị Kindoki gosipụtara mmụba dị ukwuu nke magnesia (8-10%) n'ihi ọnụnọ talc.Potassium oxide ọkwa dị n'ụdị otu a sitere na 1.5 ruo 2.5%, na sodium (<0.2%) na calcium oxide. (<0.4%) mkpokọta dị ala.
Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ígwè oxides (7.5-9%) bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị nke ụdị ite Kongo A. Ụdị Kongo A sitere na Mbanza Kongo na Kindoki gosipụtara ọkwa dị elu nke potassium (3.5-4.5%). Nnukwu magnesium oxide ọdịnaya (3). -5%) na-amata ọdịiche dị n'ụdị Ngongo Mbata na ụdị ndị ọzọ nke otu ụdị ahụ. Ụdị Kongo A sample NBC_S.4 na-egosipụta oke dị elu nke ígwè oxides, nke jikọtara ya na ọnụnọ nke amphibole mineral phases.Kongo ụdị A sample NBC_S. 3 gosipụtara mkpokọta manganese dị elu (1.25%).
Silica (60-70%) na-achịkwa ihe mejupụtara ụdị ụdị Kongo C, bụ nke sitere na quartz ọdịnaya nke XRD na petrography kpebisiri ike. A hụrụ ọdịnaya sodium dị ala (<0.5%) na calcium (0.2-0.6%). Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke magnesium oxide (13.9 na 20.7%, n'otu n'otu) na obere ígwè oxide na MBK_S.14 na KDK_S.20 samples kwekọrọ n'ụba talc mineral.Samples MBK_S.9 na KDK_S.19 nke ụdị otu a gosiri ala silica ịta. na elu sodium, magnesium, calcium na Iron oxide ọdịnaya. The elu ịta nke titanium dioxide (1.5%) dị iche iche Kongo Ụdị C sample MBK_S.9.
Ọdịiche dị na nhazi nke elementrị na-egosi ụdị Kongo ụdị D, na-egosi ọdịnaya silica dị ala yana oke sodium dị elu (1-5%), calcium (1-5%), na potassium oxide n'ogo nke 44% ruo 63% (1- 5%) n'ihi ọnụnọ feldspar. Ọzọkwa, a na-ahụ ihe dị elu titanium dioxide (1-3.5%) n'ụdị otu a. Ihe dị elu ígwè oxide nke Kongo D-ụdị samples MBK_S.15, MBK_S.19 na NBC_S .23 jikọtara ya na ọdịnaya magnesium oxide dị elu, bụ nke kwekọrọ na nchịkwa nke amphibole. Achọpụtara ihe dị elu nke manganese oxide na ụdị ụdị Kongo D niile.
Ihe omuma ihe omuma gosiputara mmekorita n'etiti calcium na iron oxides na Kongo type A na D tanks, nke ejikọtara ya na imeju sodium oxide. Banyere ihe omuma ihe omuma (Ngbakwunye 6, Tebụl S1), ọtụtụ ụdị Kongo D-ụdị samples bụ. ọgaranya zirconium na njikọ dị oke ọnụ na strontium. Atụmatụ Rb-Sr (Fig 7) na-egosi njikọ dị n'etiti strontium na Kongo D-ụdị tankị, na n'etiti rubidium na Kongo A-ụdị tank. Ma Kindoki Group na Kongo Ụdị C ceramics. na-agwụcha nke ihe abụọ ahụ.(Leekwa mgbakwunye 6, foto S16-S19).
XRF data. Mgbasa nkenke Rb-Sr, ihe atụ ndị a họọrọ site na ite ala Kongo, agba agba site na ụdị otu. Ihe eserese na-egosi njikọ dị n'etiti Kongo D-ụdị tank na strontium na n'etiti Kongo A-ụdị tank na rubidium.
ICP-MS nyochara ihe atụ nke onye nnọchi anya Mbanza Kongo iji chọpụta ihe nchọta na ihe mejupụtara ya, yana ịmụ gbasara nkesa ụkpụrụ REE n'etiti ụdị ụdị. A sample na Kongo Ụdị D sample MBK_S.7, MBK_S.16, na MBK_S.25 bụ ọgaranya thorium.Kongo A-ụdị Mkpọ na-eweta dịtụ elu ịta nke zinc na na-ọgaranya na rubidium, mgbe Kongo D-ụdị Mkpọ na-egosipụta nnukwu mkpokọta. nke strontium, na-akwado nsonaazụ XRF (Mgbakwunye 7, Ọnụ ọgụgụ S21-S23) .Mkpebi La / Yb-Sm / Yb na-egosipụta njikọ ahụ ma gosipụta ọdịnaya lanthanum dị elu na Kongo D-tank sample (Nyocha 8).
ICP-MS data.Scatter ibé nke La/Yb-Sm/Yb, ahọpụtara samples si Congo Kingdom basin, agba-coded site ụdị otu. Kongo Type C sample MBK_S.14 adịghị e gosiri na ọnụ ọgụgụ.
REEs normalized site NASC47 na-ọkọnọ n'ụdị ududo ibé (Fig. 9) .Nsonaazụ gosiri enrichment nke ìhè obere ụwa ọcha (LREEs), karịsịa na samples si Kongo A-ụdị na D-ụdị tanks.Kongo Ụdị C. gosiri mgbanwe dị elu.Europium anomaly dị mma bụ njirimara nke ụdị Kongo D, na cerium anomaly dị elu bụ njirimara nke ụdị Kongo A.
N'ime ọmụmụ ihe a, anyị nyochara otu seramik sitere na saịtị atọ nke Central African ihe ochie metụtara Alaeze Congo nke dị n'otu ụdị ụdị dị iche iche, ya bụ Jindoki na Congo. na Jinduomu archaeological site.Ndị Kongo-ụdị A, C, na D-dị na atọ ihe ochie saịtị n'out oge.Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke King Kong Group nwere ike laghachi azụ n'oge alaeze. Ọ na-anọchi anya oge nke njikọ na Europe na mgbanwe mgbanwe. ngwongwo n'ime na n'èzí Alaeze Kongo, dị ka ọ dịlarị kemgbe ọtụtụ narị afọ. A na-enweta akara mkpịsị aka ederede na okwute site na iji usoro nyocha ọtụtụ. Nke a bụ oge mbụ Central Africa jiri nkwekọrịta dị otú ahụ.
Kindoki Group na-agbanwe agbanwe na nhazi usoro mkpịsị aka na-arụtụ aka na ngwaahịa Kindoki pụrụ iche. Otu Kindoki nwere ike ịmetụta oge Nsondi bụ mpaghara kwụụrụ onwe ya na Seven Congo dia Nlaza28,29. Ọnụnọ nke talc na vermiculite (ngwaahịa dị ala dị ala). nke talc weathering) na Jinduoji Group na-atụ aro ka eji akụrụngwa mpaghara, ebe talc dị na matrix geological nke saịtị Jinduoji, na Schisto-Calcaire Formation 39,40.Àgwà ndị e ji emepụta ihe nke ụdị ite a bụ́ nke a na-ahụ anya site na nchọcha udidi na-arụtụ aka n'ịhazi akụrụngwa na-aga n'ihu.
Mpempe ite Kongo A gosipụtara ụfọdụ mgbanwe dị n'ime na n'etiti saịtị. Mbanza Kongo na Kindoki nwere nnukwu potassium na calcium oxides, ebe Ngongo Mbata nwere nnukwu magnesium. na-agbanwe agbanwe na akwa ákwà, nke akara mica mara mma. N'adịghị ka ụdị Kongo C, ha na-egosi ọdịnaya dị elu nke feldspar, amphibole na ígwè oxide. Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke mica na ọnụnọ nke tremolite amphibole na-amata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụdị Kongo D-ụdị basin. , ebe a na-achọpụta amphibole actinolite.
Ụdị Kongo C na-egosipụtakwa mgbanwe na mineralogy na chemical mejupụtara na ákwà e ji mara nke atọ nkà mmụta ihe ochie saịtị na n'etiti ha. Nke a mgbanwe na-kwuru na nrigbu nke ọ bụla dị raw material isi mmalite nso nke ọ bụla mmepụta / oriri location. Otú ọ dị, stylistic myirịta e nwetara. na mgbakwunye na tweaks teknụzụ mpaghara.
Ụdị Kongo D nwere njikọ chiri anya na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke titanium oxides, bụ nke a na-ekwu na ọnụnọ nke mineral ilmenite (Mgbakwunye 6, Fig. S20) .Ọdịnaya manganese dị elu nke mkpụrụ osisi ilmenite a na-enyocha na-ejikọta ha na manganese ilmenite (Fig. 10), a pụrụ iche mejupụtara dakọtara na kimberlite formations48,49. Ọnụnọ nke Cretaceous continental sedimentary nkume-isi iyi nke abụọ diamond nkwụnye ego na-eso mbuze nke pre-Cretaceous kimberlite tubes42-na a kọrọ Kimberlite ubi Kimberlite na Lower Congo43 na-atụ aro na Mpaghara Ngongo Mbata sara mbara nwere ike ịbụ ebe Kongo (DRC) na-enweta akụrụngwa maka mmepụta ụdị ite D. Nke a na-akwadokwa site na nchọpụta ilmenite n'otu ụdị Kongo A na otu ụdị Kongo C na saịtị Ngongo Mbata.
VP-SEM-EDS data.MgO-MnO gbasasịa nkata, ahọpụtara ụdị sitere na Mbanza Kongo (MBK), Kindoki (KDK) na Ngongo Mbata (NBC) nwere mkpụrụ osisi ilmenite achọpụtara, na-egosi manganese-titanium ferromanganese dabere na nyocha Kaminsky na Belousova. Nke m (Mn-ilmenites).
Ezi Europium anomalies hụrụ na REE mode nke Kongo D-ụdị tank (lee Figure 9), karịsịa na samples na mara ilmenite grains (dịka, MBK_S.4, MBK_S.5, na MBK_S.24) , ikekwe jikọtara ya na ultrabasic igneous. nkume ndị bara ọgaranya na anorthite ma na-ejigide Eu2 +. Nkesa REE a nwekwara ike ịkọwa oke strontium dị elu dị na ụdị Kongo D-ụdị sample (lee Fig. 6) n'ihi na strontium na-anọchi calcium50 na Ca mineral lattice. Ihe dị elu nke lanthanum (Fig 8). ) na nkwalite izugbe nke LREE (Fig 9) nwere ike ịsị na nkume ndị na-egbuke egbuke ultrabasic dị ka kimberlite-dị ka geological formations51.
Ihe njiri mara pụrụ iche nke ite Kongo D na-ejikọta ha na isi iyi nke akụrụngwa sitere n'okike, yana njikọ njikọta nke ụdị a, na-egosi ebe nrụpụta pụrụ iche maka ite Kongo D. Specificity nke mejupụtara, na iwe urughuru size nkesa nke Kongo D ụdị pụta na nnọọ ike seramiiki isiokwu na-egosi ụma ụma akụrụngwa nhazi na elu oru ihe ọmụma na mmepụta nke pottery52.This atụmatụ bụ pụrụ iche na n'ihu na-akwado nkọwa nke ụdị dị ka a. N'ihe gbasara mmepụta a, Clist et al29 na-atụ aro na ọ nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị na-emepụta tile Portuguese na ndị na-akpụ akpụ Congo, dị ka ndị maara otú ahụ na-enwetụbeghị ụdị n'oge alaeze na tupu.
Enweghị usoro ịnweta mineral ọhụrụ e hiwere ọhụrụ na ihe atụ sitere na ụdị dị iche iche dị iche iche na-atụ aro itinye ọkụ ọkụ ọkụ dị ala (<950 °C), nke dịkwa n'usoro ọmụmụ ethnoarchaeological mere na mpaghara a53,54. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, enweghi hematite. na agba gbara ọchịchịrị nke ụfọdụ iberibe ite bụ n'ihi mbelata firing ma ọ bụ post-firing4,55.Ethnographic ọmụmụ na mpaghara egosiwo post-fire nhazi Njirimara n'oge ite ite55.Dark agba, tumadi hụrụ na Kongo D-shaped ite, nwere ike ịbụ. Ejikọtara ya na ndị ọrụ lekwasịrị anya dị ka akụkụ nke ihe ndozi ha bara ụba. Ihe ndekọ agbụrụ dị na mpaghara Africa ka ukwuu na-akwado nkwupụta a, n'ihi na a na-ewerekarị ite ojii nwere nkọwa ihe atụ.
Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke calcium n'ime ihe atụ, enweghị carbonates na / ma ọ bụ usoro ịnweta ịnweta ọhụrụ ha bụ nke a na-ekwu na ọdịdị na-abụghị calcareous nke ceramics57. Ajụjụ a bụ mmasị karịsịa maka ihe atụ nke talc-ọgaranya (karịsịa Kindoki Group na Kongo Type C basins) n'ihi na ma carbonate na talc dị na mpaghara carbonate-argillaceous assemblage-Neoproterozoic Schisto-Calcaire Group42,43 Mutually.The ebumnobi mwepu nke ụfọdụ ụdị nke akụrụngwa sitere na otu geological guzobe na-egosi elu oru ọmụma metụtara. omume na-ekwesịghị ekwesị nke ụrọ calcareous mgbe a na-agba ya ọkụ na obere okpomọkụ.
Na mgbakwunye na intra- na inter-field compositional na nkume Ọdịdị dị iche iche nke Kongo C pottery, oké ọchịchọ maka cookware oriri ekwe ka anyị tinye mmepụta nke Kongo C pottery na obodo larịị. Otú o sina dị, quartz ọdịnaya na ọtụtụ Kongo. C-ụdị samples na-atụ aro a n'ókè nke agbanwe agbanwe na pottery mmepụta na alaeze.Ọ na-egosi na nlezianya nhọrọ nke akụrụngwa na elu oru ihe ọmụma metụtara ruru eru na adabara ọrụ nke Quartz iwe ọkụ Cooking Pot58.Quartz tempering na calcium-free ihe na-egosi. na nhọrọ akụrụngwa na nhazi na-adaberekwa na ọrụ ọrụ ọrụ chọrọ.